Peter borschberg hugo grotius biography
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Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese, and Free Trade in the East Indies
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By Peter Borschberg
In , Dutch Admiral Jakob van Heemskerk plundered a Portuguese merchantman, the Santa Catarina, travelling from Macao to Melaka. The sale of the cargo at a public auction made traders across Northern europe aware of the riches to be reaped from Asian trade. However, the episode raised legal questions and the United Dutch East India Company (VOC) commissioned the young Hugo Grotius to defend Heemskerk's actions. Grotius produced two classic legal texts, The Law of Price and Booty and its spin-off, The Free Sea, among the greatest works in the history of international legal and political thought. His observations dealt with free trade in the East Indies, the Dutch Republic's military conflict with the Portuguese and Spanish in Asia, and the legal and moral grounds for attacking and plundering Portuguese and Spanish mercantile shipping.
This book considers the background to the tr
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Hugo Grotius
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ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT "The man who made nature modern." 1 Alexander von Humboldt () was a polymath born into a Prussian aris tocratic family. He was privately educated in political history, economics, Classics, languages, and mathematics, and then spent a year at Göttingen University in studying mineralogy and geology. By , he knew that he wanted to focus on scientific exploration and obtained permission from the Spanish government to visit colonies in Central and South America. Von Humboldt (and French botanist Aimé Bonpland) spent five years there, from to , covering almost 10, kilometres on foot, horseback, and in canoes. They returned with around 60, plant specimens and data on longitudes and latitudes, the Earth's magnetic field, daily observations of pressure and temperatures, as well as statistical data on socioeconomic conditions in Mexico. Von Humboldt was the first to ascribe mountain sickness
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Hugo Grotius
Dutch philosopher and jurist (–)
"Hugo de Groot" redirects here. For the crash of the KLM plane known under that name, see KLM Flight E.
Hugo Grotius | |
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Portrait of Hugo Grotius | |
Born | 10 April Delft, County of Holland, Dutch Republic |
Died | 28 August (aged 62) Rostock, Swedish Pomerania |
Almamater | Leiden University |
Era | Renaissance philosophy |
Region | Western philosophy |
School | Natural law, humanism |
Academic advisors | Justus Lipsius |
Main interests | Philosophy of war, international law, political philosophy |
Notable ideas | Theory of natural rights, grounding just war principles in natural law, governmental theory of atonement |
Hugo Grotius (GROH-shee-əss; 10 April – 28 August ), also known as Hugo dem Groot[a] (Dutch:[ˈɦyɣoːdəˈɣroːt]) or Huig dem Groot (Dutch:[ˈɦœyɣdəˈɣroːt]), was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian, jurist, statesman